NIOS D.El.Ed Most Important Long Question Answers of Course 506 Block 4
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NIOS D.El.Ed Question Answer 506 & 507- Hello D.El.Ed friends, We have prepared important long questions from course 506 and 507 in PDF format with free of cost. All important long questions from Curse 506 Block 4 is given in this PDF file.
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1 Question: What is gender discrimination? Explain
gender as a socio-cultural construction.
gender as a socio-cultural construction.
Answer: discrimination refers to treatment or consideration against a
person or group merely because the person/group belongs to a particular class,
or category. Discrimination disregards individual need, merit and potential. Thus,
discrimination has a negative connotation. It tends to and intends to treat one
particular group of people less favourably than others because of some unjustifiable
prejudice. Gender discrimination is sometimes referred to as sexism. Sexism
occurs in any social situation where a prejudicial treatment occurs which would
not have occurred had they been the opposite sex. Any unfair consideration,
policy, practice or belief which treats men and women unequally and hence
restricts or denies choices for members of a particular sex is gender discrimination.
For Example-
person or group merely because the person/group belongs to a particular class,
or category. Discrimination disregards individual need, merit and potential. Thus,
discrimination has a negative connotation. It tends to and intends to treat one
particular group of people less favourably than others because of some unjustifiable
prejudice. Gender discrimination is sometimes referred to as sexism. Sexism
occurs in any social situation where a prejudicial treatment occurs which would
not have occurred had they been the opposite sex. Any unfair consideration,
policy, practice or belief which treats men and women unequally and hence
restricts or denies choices for members of a particular sex is gender discrimination.
For Example-
“A girl in a family wants to go to her friend’s house
for doing a project. She is either not allowed or asked to come back before it
is dusk. No such restrictions are placed on boys. Simply, she is not allowed to
do certain things because she is a ‘girl’.
for doing a project. She is either not allowed or asked to come back before it
is dusk. No such restrictions are placed on boys. Simply, she is not allowed to
do certain things because she is a ‘girl’.
We often see boys playing in the open ground with
lot of sports materials. Girls on the other hand are allowed to play indoor
games with hardly any play material. Sometimes they are denied opportunities to
play even the indoor games. Why does this happen? Is this justified?
lot of sports materials. Girls on the other hand are allowed to play indoor
games with hardly any play material. Sometimes they are denied opportunities to
play even the indoor games. Why does this happen? Is this justified?
Gender
differences are culturally influenced and socially constructed. This is why we
see lot difference in gender roles and expectations across cultures. For instance,
women in many parts of our country are generally expected to wear sarees and
grow long hairs. In certain other cultures it is normal for women to wear
skirts and to cut their hair short. People do internalize gender roles and expectations
as they grow up. Children learn to categorize themselves by gender very early
in life. A part of this learning is to display their ‘manly’ qualities and ‘womanly’
qualities. Boys learn to manipulate their physical and social environment
through physical strength or other skills, while girls learn to present themselves
as objects to be viewed. Children monitor their own and others’ gendered
behavior and model themselves along the established patterns they see in
significant others. The significant other could be their parents, neighbours, teachers,
movies or media presentations. Gender-segregated activities create belief that
gender differences are essential nature of males and females. Gender differences
get strengthened through our practices, beliefs and institutions as the society
and culture places different values to males and females. Viewing males and
females as categories opposites of each other reinforces the gender
differences. The gender differences between boys and girls, is largely a learnt
behaviour which is an outcome of socialization and enculturing. This is why we
say that gender is a socio-cultural construction.
differences are culturally influenced and socially constructed. This is why we
see lot difference in gender roles and expectations across cultures. For instance,
women in many parts of our country are generally expected to wear sarees and
grow long hairs. In certain other cultures it is normal for women to wear
skirts and to cut their hair short. People do internalize gender roles and expectations
as they grow up. Children learn to categorize themselves by gender very early
in life. A part of this learning is to display their ‘manly’ qualities and ‘womanly’
qualities. Boys learn to manipulate their physical and social environment
through physical strength or other skills, while girls learn to present themselves
as objects to be viewed. Children monitor their own and others’ gendered
behavior and model themselves along the established patterns they see in
significant others. The significant other could be their parents, neighbours, teachers,
movies or media presentations. Gender-segregated activities create belief that
gender differences are essential nature of males and females. Gender differences
get strengthened through our practices, beliefs and institutions as the society
and culture places different values to males and females. Viewing males and
females as categories opposites of each other reinforces the gender
differences. The gender differences between boys and girls, is largely a learnt
behaviour which is an outcome of socialization and enculturing. This is why we
say that gender is a socio-cultural construction.
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2 Question: Discuss the
causes of gender discrimination. How to overcome gender discrimination?
causes of gender discrimination. How to overcome gender discrimination?
Answer: It is quite difficult to pin
point the exact causes of gender bias and discrimination. It emerges from a
combination of several social, cultural, economic and historical factors. However,
it is possible to identify few factors that have lead to the present
disparities between men and women. According to Human Rights Inc., one of the
main causes of gender discrimination is religion. The tradition and religious
texts shape the way people think and act. Many religions place women below men,
and thus create an unequal society. Discriminatory injunctions imposed by the
religion are practiced by the followers often without any questioning.
Upbringing of children and the role models they get in their early
socialization will have a huge influence on the personality. Parents often are
seen as role models by boys and girls. The girls emulate the mother while the
boys their father. The parents in the family perpetuate, sometimes
involuntarily, the inferior social position of females by raising their
children according to traditional gender roles. From infancy through early
childhood and beyond, boys and girls learn what is expected of them, and behave
accordingly. Girls and boys are perceived and treated differently from the
moment they are born. Parents describe newborn daughters as tiny, soft, and
delicate, and sons as tough and strong. Further, they interact differently with
newborn daughters and sons. Girl children are often perceived to be a burden by
many parents. Therefore, they do not like to invest more on their education,
health or development. A lower level of education results in a substandard job,
which in turn results in poverty and dependence. This dependence will further
convince men of the inferiority of women. Women who lack education also lack
the tools to improve their situation and combat discrimination.
point the exact causes of gender bias and discrimination. It emerges from a
combination of several social, cultural, economic and historical factors. However,
it is possible to identify few factors that have lead to the present
disparities between men and women. According to Human Rights Inc., one of the
main causes of gender discrimination is religion. The tradition and religious
texts shape the way people think and act. Many religions place women below men,
and thus create an unequal society. Discriminatory injunctions imposed by the
religion are practiced by the followers often without any questioning.
Upbringing of children and the role models they get in their early
socialization will have a huge influence on the personality. Parents often are
seen as role models by boys and girls. The girls emulate the mother while the
boys their father. The parents in the family perpetuate, sometimes
involuntarily, the inferior social position of females by raising their
children according to traditional gender roles. From infancy through early
childhood and beyond, boys and girls learn what is expected of them, and behave
accordingly. Girls and boys are perceived and treated differently from the
moment they are born. Parents describe newborn daughters as tiny, soft, and
delicate, and sons as tough and strong. Further, they interact differently with
newborn daughters and sons. Girl children are often perceived to be a burden by
many parents. Therefore, they do not like to invest more on their education,
health or development. A lower level of education results in a substandard job,
which in turn results in poverty and dependence. This dependence will further
convince men of the inferiority of women. Women who lack education also lack
the tools to improve their situation and combat discrimination.
Gender
discrimination strengthens prejudice and promotes an unjust and unequal society.
We must overcome this inequality because it is unfair and wrong. Gender discrimination
does not respect individuals [girls and women] according to their aspirations,
potentials or abilities. On the contrary, it holds back the growth of individuals,
the development of nations and the evolution of societies. Gender equality is
central to economic and human development. When women and men have relative
equality, economies grow faster, children’s health improves and civilization
will move to higher levels of functioning. Gender equality is an important
human right. Gender inequality is a constraint to the progress of any society
because it limits the opportunities of one-half of its population. It is impossible
to realize our goals while discriminating against half the human race and
keeping that population away from social and economic activity. When women are
constrained from reaching their full potential, that potential is lost to society
as a whole. Further, one form of inequality justifies others and hence all form
of equality must be fought and overcome. Gender equality liberates both sexes
from suppression, pressures and stereotypes and hence creates a better social
order. We need to promote education free from gender bias and strive to integrate
gender knowledge and gender sensitivity into educational system.
discrimination strengthens prejudice and promotes an unjust and unequal society.
We must overcome this inequality because it is unfair and wrong. Gender discrimination
does not respect individuals [girls and women] according to their aspirations,
potentials or abilities. On the contrary, it holds back the growth of individuals,
the development of nations and the evolution of societies. Gender equality is
central to economic and human development. When women and men have relative
equality, economies grow faster, children’s health improves and civilization
will move to higher levels of functioning. Gender equality is an important
human right. Gender inequality is a constraint to the progress of any society
because it limits the opportunities of one-half of its population. It is impossible
to realize our goals while discriminating against half the human race and
keeping that population away from social and economic activity. When women are
constrained from reaching their full potential, that potential is lost to society
as a whole. Further, one form of inequality justifies others and hence all form
of equality must be fought and overcome. Gender equality liberates both sexes
from suppression, pressures and stereotypes and hence creates a better social
order. We need to promote education free from gender bias and strive to integrate
gender knowledge and gender sensitivity into educational system.
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3 Question: What is
work force participation? Explain the gender discrimination in workforce
participation.
work force participation? Explain the gender discrimination in workforce
participation.
Answer: Work plays an important part
in determining relative wealth, power and prestige of men and women. Workforce
participation refers to the share of the working age population who are either
in a job or actively looking for one. Participation in the workforce matters
because it affects the economic growth potential. Population, Participation and
Productivity are the key factors which impact economic growth. Women constitute
50% of the population. However, their participation in labour force and
productivity remains low. The workplace can be a setting where we can observe
gender inequalities. It could also be a factor that maintains inequalities.
Thus it impacts the status of women. The data on work participation of women
reveals the low participation rates of women in the work force. It has never
crossed 35% for rural women and about 15% for the urban women during the last
three decades. The participation of rural women is nearly three times that of
urban women. The female participation is the work force is showing a decline
during last few years. This is cause for concern. Most of the women are either
found in unorganized sectors such as agriculture, daily wage work and
construction work or in lowly paid jobs. Most women are found doing unpaid
labour. According to an estimate, women do 2/3 of the total manual labour.
However, their contribution to economic growth is not given due recognition.
Why is this? What women do is not ‘work’! Another related issue is wage parity.
Wage parity is defined as equal pay for equal work. While women certainly have
made great strides toward pay parity in the past 30 years, there is still a gap
in earnings of men and women in equivalent professions. There are gendered
notions of the value of work. Traditionally ‘women’s work’ is helping and
supportive jobs. These jobs are not considered comparable in worth to the work
that men do. This leads to wage gaps. Women clustered in low paying positions
have lower bargaining power. Women are also more likely than men to work
part-time, take time off for family reasons. This affects their take-home pay,
and career opportunities. The wage gap is quite visible in unorganized sector. Women
hardly have any property in their name. Even if they have, they have very
little control over it. Even amongst working women, the property is only a small
portion of what men have. This also affects the status of women.
in determining relative wealth, power and prestige of men and women. Workforce
participation refers to the share of the working age population who are either
in a job or actively looking for one. Participation in the workforce matters
because it affects the economic growth potential. Population, Participation and
Productivity are the key factors which impact economic growth. Women constitute
50% of the population. However, their participation in labour force and
productivity remains low. The workplace can be a setting where we can observe
gender inequalities. It could also be a factor that maintains inequalities.
Thus it impacts the status of women. The data on work participation of women
reveals the low participation rates of women in the work force. It has never
crossed 35% for rural women and about 15% for the urban women during the last
three decades. The participation of rural women is nearly three times that of
urban women. The female participation is the work force is showing a decline
during last few years. This is cause for concern. Most of the women are either
found in unorganized sectors such as agriculture, daily wage work and
construction work or in lowly paid jobs. Most women are found doing unpaid
labour. According to an estimate, women do 2/3 of the total manual labour.
However, their contribution to economic growth is not given due recognition.
Why is this? What women do is not ‘work’! Another related issue is wage parity.
Wage parity is defined as equal pay for equal work. While women certainly have
made great strides toward pay parity in the past 30 years, there is still a gap
in earnings of men and women in equivalent professions. There are gendered
notions of the value of work. Traditionally ‘women’s work’ is helping and
supportive jobs. These jobs are not considered comparable in worth to the work
that men do. This leads to wage gaps. Women clustered in low paying positions
have lower bargaining power. Women are also more likely than men to work
part-time, take time off for family reasons. This affects their take-home pay,
and career opportunities. The wage gap is quite visible in unorganized sector. Women
hardly have any property in their name. Even if they have, they have very
little control over it. Even amongst working women, the property is only a small
portion of what men have. This also affects the status of women.
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